TOEFL Reading Practice Test #18

The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 marked a pivotal moment in the history of the United States, connecting the eastern and western parts of the country with a continuous railway line. The project, which took six years to complete, was an engineering marvel of its time, involving thousands of laborers and spanning approximately 1,900 miles. The railroad transformed the American economy, society, and landscape, facilitating westward expansion and reshaping the nation’s identity.

The construction of the railroad was a massive undertaking, requiring coordination between two major companies: the Central Pacific Railroad, which built eastward from California, and the Union Pacific Railroad, which constructed westward from Nebraska. Each company faced unique challenges. The Central Pacific had to overcome the Sierra Nevada mountain range, involving the excavation of long tunnels and the use of explosives to clear rock. Meanwhile, the Union Pacific worked through the Great Plains, contending with extreme weather, lack of natural resources, and occasional conflicts with Indigenous peoples. The use of immigrant labor was central to the project’s success. The Central Pacific relied heavily on Chinese workers, who constituted the majority of its workforce and were renowned for their skill and endurance. The Union Pacific employed large numbers of Irish immigrants, along with Civil War veterans and freed African Americans. Despite their vital contributions, laborers often worked in hazardous conditions for low wages and were subject to discrimination.

The economic impact of the railroad was profound. It revolutionized transportation, reducing the time required to travel coast to coast from months to just a week. This efficiency boosted trade by making it easier to transport goods between the eastern and western markets. Farmers and ranchers in the West could ship their produce and livestock to urban centers in the East, while manufactured goods flowed in the opposite direction. The railroad also opened up new opportunities for businesses, such as mining companies and logging operations, which now had reliable means of transporting their products to market. In addition, the railroad stimulated the growth of towns and cities along its route, many of which developed into important hubs of commerce and industry.

However, the railroad’s benefits came at a significant cost. The construction and operation of the railway disrupted the lives of Indigenous peoples, whose lands were often seized to make way for tracks and stations. The influx of settlers brought by the railroad led to the displacement of many Native American tribes and the destruction of traditional ways of life. Wildlife populations, particularly bison herds, were decimated as hunters used the railroad to access remote areas. Environmental changes also occurred, as forests were cleared for timber, and vast stretches of land were altered by railway construction.

Despite these challenges, the cultural and symbolic significance of the Transcontinental Railroad was immense. It represented the realization of the long-held vision of Manifest Destiny—the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent. The Golden Spike ceremony at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the two rail lines were joined, was celebrated as a unifying moment in American history. The railroad became a symbol of progress and innovation, demonstrating the nation’s ability to overcome geographic barriers and achieve great feats through determination and cooperation.

Today, the legacy of the Transcontinental Railroad is a complex one. While it is rightly celebrated for its role in shaping modern America, its history also serves as a reminder of the social and environmental costs of rapid industrialization. Efforts to preserve the sites associated with the railroad, as well as the stories of those who built it, help to ensure that this transformative chapter in American history is understood in all its dimensions.